Database Administrator Z/Os free essay sample

Sanders DB2 10 Exam 610 Practice Questions by Robert Wingate For confirmation test: DB2 9 DBA for z/OS (000-732) DB2 9 for z/OS Database Administration: Certification Study Guide by Susan Lawson and Daniel Luksetich DB2 10 DBA for z/OS (000-612) DB2 10 for z/OS Database Administration: Certification Study Guide by Susan Lawson and Daniel Luksetich For affirmation test: DB2 9 System Administrator for z/OS (000-737) DB2 9 System Administration for z/OS: Certification Study Guide: Exam 737 by Judy Nall DB2 10 System Administrator for z/OS (000-617) DB2 10 System Administration for z/OS: Certification Study Guide: Exam 617 by Judy Nall (due out in May of 2013) 2)Then there is the accompanying free instructional exercise: For confirmation test: DB2 9 Fundamentals (000-730) DB2 9 Fundamentals affirmation 730 prep arrangement at http://www. ibm. com/developerworks/offers/lp/db2cert/db2-cert730. html For affirmation test: DB2 10 Fundamentals (000-610) DB2 10 Fundamentals confirmation 610 prep arrangement at http://www. bm. com/developerworks/information/instructional exercises/db2-cert6101/list. html 3)$30 IBM practice tests: For confirmation test: DB2 9

Freedom of Cyber-Speech -- Internet Censorship Essay

Opportunity of Cyber-Speech   â â â Freedom of discourse has consistently been a significant issue in American society.â With the coming of the Internet as a fast specialized gadget, this issue has gotten considerably progressively noticeable in ongoing years.â This paper will investigate the issue of whether the Internet ought to be controlled. Moreover, it will explore potential strategies for undertaking this control.   â â â â â â â â â â Since 1787, the Constitution has been fundamental piece of American society.â The First Amendment to the Constitution, went in 1791, peruses: Congress will make no law regarding a foundation of religion, or precluding the free exercise thereof; or shortening the ability to speak freely, or of the press; or the privilege of the individuals quietly to gather, and to request of the Government for a review of complaints. [1]  For a long time, this revision has been tried in a wide range of ways.â Over the years, the legislature passed numerous laws that did, truth be told, shorten the right to speak freely for an assortment of reasons.â Now, new innovation has all the earmarks of being giving the administration another issue where it must choose if it ought to conflict with the strict understanding of the Constitution.â â This paper will show how content on the Internet can be viewed as perilous, and on the off chance that it ought to be censored.â It will, at that point research what procedures are being utilized to blue pencil it.   â â â â â â â â â â The Internet has given another and exceptionally incredible specialized instrument for Americans in the course of the last a few years.â With the Internet, thoughts can be moved quicker than any time in recent memory before.â Countless advantages have emerged with the advancement of the Internet, including amazing examination assets, on-line shopping, and more.â However, with ... ...ier Foundation. 10/17/99.â http://www.eff.org/EFFdocs/about_eff.html#mission - A prologue to the EFF [6] First Amendment and Free Expression.â Center for Democratic Technology.â 10/17/99.â http://www.cdt.org/discourse/A prologue to the CDT [7] The Freedom Forum Online.â The Freedom Forum.â 10/19/99. http://www.freedomforum.org - A prologue to the Freedom Forum [8] The Free Expression Network The Free Expression Network.â .http://www.freeexpression.orgâ - A prologue to the Free Expression Network [9] United States Supreme Court.â Schenck v. Joined States.â 1919. [10]United States Congress.â Title V - Broadcast Obscenity and Violence.â 1995. [11] Baase, Sarah.â Gift of Fire. New Jersey:â Prentice-Hall, Inc.â 1997. [12] GetNetWise. 10/17/99.â www.getnetwise.com - A device for acquiring web-sifting programming.

communiction methods essays

communiction techniques articles Correspondence is the way toward sharing thoughts, data, and messages with others in a specific time and spot. Correspondence incorporates composing and talking, just as nonverbal correspondence, (for example, outward appearances, non-verbal communication, or signals), visual correspondence (the utilization of pictures or pictures, for example, painting, photography, video, or film), and electronic correspondence (calls, electronic mail, digital TV, or satellite communicates). Correspondence is an imperative piece of individual life and is additionally significant in business, training, and whatever other circumstance where individuals experience one another. Organizations are worried about correspondence in a few unique manners. A few organizations construct and introduce correspondence hardware, for example, fax (copy) machines, camcorders, CD players, print machines, PCs, and phones. Different organizations make a portion of the messages or substance that those innovations convey, for example, motion pictures, books, and programming. These organizations are a piece of the media or broadcast communications ventures. Hierarchical correspondence is significant in each business. Individuals in associations need to convey to arrange their work and to illuminate others outside the business about their items and administrations (these sorts of correspondence are called promoting or advertising). Conveying over significant distances has been a test from the beginning of time. In old occasions, sprinters were utilized to convey significant messages between rulers or other notable individuals. Different types of significant distance correspondence included smoke signals, chains of searchlights and banners to communicate something specific starting with one pinnacle then onto the next, bearer pigeons, and ponies. Current media communications started during the 1800s with the disclosure that power can be utilized to transmit a sign. Just because, a sign could be sent quicker than some other method of transportation. The main down to earth media communications gadget to utilize this circle... <!

Legal rights of tenured teachers in dismissal proceedings Essay

Lawful privileges of tenured instructors in excusal procedures - Essay Example Its alteration by Chapter 691 of the Laws of 1994 gives a chance to instructors who were blamed for any unfortunate behavior or ineptitude the option to guard himself in court and experience fair treatment. Inside fifteen days, the leading body of training is mindful in actualizing the different privileges of the educator to experience fair treatment, for example, the instructor's privilege of recruiting a conference official who might be liable for inspecting the charges against him and would additionally examine his case. Whenever allowed, through the procedure, on the side of the realities and discoveries, the consultation official may give suggestions as to the punishments or disciplines regarded suitable for the charges against him. (http://www.nbto.org/Union/tenure.htm, para 10) Then again, for cases that include academic offenses or decisions, the instructor is permitted to have a three-part board who might do the examination and survey the charges against him. It is the obligation of the school locale assistant or secretary's job to ensure that these arrangements and privileges of the worker is met so as to furnish them with a reasonable battle. (http://www.nbto.org/Union/tenure.htm, para 10) An incredible number of issues on residency has included not the only one the instructors but rather the school area organizations also. ... Residency is a type of professional stability for educators who have effectively finished a trial period. Its basic role is to shield skillful instructors from discretionary non-recharging of agreement for reasons inconsequential to the instructive procedure - individual convictions, character clashes with executives or educational committee individuals, and so forth. (http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-925/tenure.htm, para 2) Educator's residency began in 1917 in New York however it was distinctly in 1970 when this piece of the Education Law was paid attention to by the school areas and the instructors. Moreover, the law was reinforced and the procedure were facilitated in 1977 as a reaction to the developing strain to the school regions' various unjustifiable and illicit excusals. There was not satisfactory proof with respect to when the arrangements on instructor's residency had become a government property right to such an extent that it stays to be a worry of the state for which each strategy fluctuate. The fundamental push of the Teacher Tenure Act1 is that state funded school representatives under its protection2 might be excused or downgraded distinctly for at least one of fifteen grounds set out in the demonstration and just as indicated by the strategies set out in the demonstration. Regularly, instructors confuse this arrangement in the Education Law subsequently, it ought to be clarified that educator residency is only an assurance against unlawful excusals regardless of whether the person is blameworthy of the charges recorded against him/her. (http://www.iog.unc.edu/bars/electronicversions/pdfs/leps20.pdf, para 1) The fair treatment for which residency perceives among the instructors perceives that laws and lawful procedures must be reasonable. An individual's fundamental rights to 'life, freedom or property,' ought not be detracted from them without the fair treatment of law.

Essay Writing Topic For Your College Course

Essay Writing Topic For Your College CourseYour essay writing topic should be relevant to your course at your school. The writer should be able to relate the content to the class. They should be able to focus on the student's life and bring about some kind of connection with the reader.The word 'school' in this sentence means the person's life as a student at the college course or university. This is the critical information for your essay.On the other hand, if you are a teacher at the college course, you will be dealing with the students' life instead of the topics they are researching in class. The latter needs specific attention. The person's academic life needs to be treated as well.Writing is not easy if the theme of the college course or university does not hold interest for the student. It is important to go through the materials. Look for words that best describe the student's life and the college course.After the student has shown that he or she has done research about the p articular class or subject in their course, they need to be able to present it well. The writer will have to build up the knowledge level of the student on their topic. They will also have to make a strong argument about the importance of the topic in the student's life.When a student applies for admission to a college course, they need to prove their worthiness. They need to convince the admissions committee that they can be part of the course. The writer will need to carry out all these tasks.Essay writing must not be confusing or difficult. You must pick a topic that is easy to write about and one that can be understood by the student. The writer must then discuss this topic in an impressive manner.Essay writing for college courses requires very careful planning. You cannot do it just by flipping through a magazine or article. You have to make sure that the content is the same throughout your writing.

Time Flies

Time Flies It’s nearly the end of October, and autumn has finally begun coloring the city of Boston. Baker’s annual piano drop (this time, filled with candy) happened yesterday afternoon, people flocked to Save TFP’s Spooky Skate yesterday night, and the annual pumpkin drop from the Green Building (wonderfully blogged last year by Michael) is tonight. ‘Tis the season for costumes, merriment, and, apparently, smashing things. You have to relieve stress from midterms somehow, right? (I’m a little bit sad that no random leaves ended up in this picture. It’s really cool to see the wind whisk them off the ground and up 12 floors where they flutter around like little scraggly butterflies.) Two weekends ago was Columbus Day (though The Oatmeal  argues that we should call it Bartolomé Day instead, because he was a much nicer guy), and we were given a four-day weekend to catch up on work/sleep/fun/etc. Personally, I seized the opportunity to travel to New York, wander around the city, meet up with friends from high school who also ended up on the East Coast for university, see Big Fish and Matilda, and go to New York Comic Con. One of the greatest parts about college is the independence you acquire once you move away from home. And one huge part of this independence is being able to say, “Hey, MIT, you’re alright. But sometimes I really just have to step away from campus,” and leaving. Because you can. It’s refreshing to see old friends and catch up, to dress in cosplay and geek out with other fans, to go to a city where there are non-academic-seeking tourists and artists and people simply living their lives, and to remember there’s a world outside of psets and tests and the MIT bubble. Initially, my plan was to take video clips and create a Vlogbrothers-esque “Thoughts from Places” video about New York, but that kind of failed. I didn’t bring a nice camera, so all the videos were taken on a phone camera… and are cropped in a thin rectangle… Nice going, Ceri. You really thought that one through. Instead of recording and overlaying commentary, I just quickly edited clips together, added some music, altered some of the sound levels and color balances, and uploaded the grainy derp-project for anyone who still would like to see. Failed blog post idea #398. Maybe someday I’ll make a legitimate video like this on MIT campus one thats shorter and better edited and more purposeful. That pretty much covers the exciting things that have happened. For Halloween/fun, a bunch of friends and I are dressing up as characters from the new Doctor Who series (9 through 11), so I’ll probably end up rambling about how cool they all are. Until next time!  Which will hopefully be sooner than 3 weeks. My bad. P.S. I realize that this is one of the most random posts ever. And to make it more random, have a comic that I drew while half asleep. Much lower quality/inspirational-ness/wit than the last one; youre welcome, internet.

The Brotherhood of Thieves - Free Essay Example

The abolitionist movement in the early 1800s caused disagreement over the morality of slavery and played a vital role on peoples religious beliefs and how they manage to justify their actions. Religious leaders convinced Americans that religion was central to the American culture, and without religion there couldnt be a system of morals and ethics (Dyer). However, people were reevaluating their religion and how it played a role with slavery. Historians have questioned whether the abolitionist movement of the 1830s and early 1840s was a success or a failure  (Robert A. Divine, The Pursuit of Perfection). This position implied that blacks should be granted equality as American citizens, so it ran up against the white supremacy prevailing in all parts of the country  (Robert A. Divine, The Pursuit of Perfection). Advocates were Christians who felt the Bible strongly supported their stance on the slavery issue, and Christian abolitionists believed the Bible condemns slavery. Both Christian abolitionists and advocates for slavery utilized the same book and Christian principles to support their arguments either for or against the institution of slavery yet came to two very different conclusions. Stephen Symonds Foster and J.D.B. DeBow spoke about slavery and had different view points on the topic. The Brotherhood of Thieves (1843), was written by Stephen Symonds Foster who left the church because he felt what they were doing was illegal, and by accepting slavery then you must admit that morals are subjective by God.   Stephen Foster was a key leader in the abolitionists movement in the 1800s. In his speech Foster argues that the church and clergy were guilty of theft, adultery, man-stealing, piracy, and murder because they were slaveholders and was using the church to hide behind. J.D.B. DeBow, was an editor of the DeBows Review and saw no reason for slaves not to be used as the main workforce in an industrial revolution (Slaves and Masters). Debow used several biblical quotes and characters from the Bible that provide the readers with a strong reasoning to defended the institution of slavery. Using references from the bible, allowed Debow to twist the interpretation of the Bible to justify slavery and show that God did not condemn slave owners. DeBow was clever on how he defended slavery and presented it as Gods own will by using various parts of both the Old and New testament to justify slavery as not only acceptable but ordained by God. Although De Bow argues slavery has occurred in the Old and New Testament for centuries, his use of religion in his argument for slavery reflected no important content. The biggest danger of biblical interpretation is ignoring the context of a passage. The authors of the bible wrote with great literary devices presenting metaphors for larger ideas. If interpreters always took the literal meaning, society would be guided by false ideas and untrue laws that God attempted to convey.  Ã‚   In the bible, slaves are not kidnapped and forced into labor, slaves sold themselves into slavery to settle their debts. Slavery was based upon social class not based on race during that time. In the Bible, some people wanted to be slaves so that they could be taken care of by their masters. Some of the Israelites indicated that life was better as slaves in Egypt because, at least there, they were getting food, water and housing as opposed to the wilderness, where not much was given.The slave masters in the 1800s used bible verses as a scapegoat for believing that it was okay to have slaves on their land and mistreated the slaves and did not treat them with respect as the bible said. In other words, involuntary slavery was a capital offense and was unbiblical. Slavery was eventually abolished in 1865 but not before many more lives were lost and many more battles fought. The abolishment did not end the inequality that African Americans still must face even to this day. One issue today is determining if the Confederate monuments represent white supremacy and everything they stood for should be taken down, or should the monuments stand as a reminder of how this nation acted with such hatred towards other individuals. Just like Foster and Debow this has caused much heated debate among individuals and people have taken it upon themselves to persuade the public of their opinion on the subject. Slavery was only one battle on the road to equality for all. Society still has many obstacles and prejudices to overcome if we ever wish to be truly equal and united as a country. The race card cannot be thrown out in every circumstance, but neither can the stereotypes that every race has drilled into their mind about another. Peace can only come with listening, understanding, and acting intelligently on the information we learn everyday as a nation.

International Students Pursuing A Higher Education Essay

Introduction: The semester long research project that I have chosen deals with international students pursuing a higher education in the United States. According to the IIE, International Institute of Education, the majority of international students come from asian countries and have been populating the US through a variety of study fields leading to eventual, desirous opportunity to continue living in the US. The issue revolving around this topic that goes unnoticed includes: social stigma, racial discrimination, mistreatment beyond societal behavior into financial and other difficulties such as job opportunities due to immigration policies. The United States has also developed a new form of racism that has plagued the nation and goes unnoticed: the concept of neo-racism, or new racism (eric.ed.gov). This attack on people of specific national origins has become a new approach to discrimination against racial groups of people in the United States to top off abuse of international st udents in the economy, as Dr. Ip of Auckland University said in an interview, they are merely â€Å"cash-cows† suggesting their apparent role in American society. Research has been done on the concepts of neo-racism and there are statistics available that prove that there are financial contributions international students make that benefit the United States. The topic of international students and higher education coupled with economic discrepancies, elicits a topic that is significant to AmericanShow MoreRelatedHigher Education: Pursuit of Degrees1654 Words   |  7 PagesHigher Education: The Pursuit for Degrees Pursuing a degree is more valuable than not. My employer without warning decided to end pay raises and step increases for its employees. The impact was so crucial for me that it caused me to evaluate my situation and decide what was best for me to do in order to support my family. While speaking with a co-worker and very close friend of mine, she suggested I enroll in college to earn a degree that would allow me to make more money since at the time IRead MoreA College Education Is Not Only An Absolute Requirement1253 Words   |  6 PagesToday, students and graduates face long lasting consequences when it comes to student loan debt, which in recent years has become increasingly problematic and inevitable regardless of the precautions a student takes. No amount of awareness or understanding can change the lasting impacts that taking out student loans has. Pursuing a college education today, is nothing like it once was or once promised to be. Before, getting a degree meant an almos t guarantee to find a good paying, stable job. NowRead MoreInternational Freshmen And The Secret Of Success931 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Freshmen and the secret to success From all over the world young minds come to learn at the best schools in the world, these young people recognize the economic and educational strength that America has to offer. Being a guest in a different country brings stricter expectations and a new level of responsibility to these young people. International freshmen are less likely to drop out than in-state freshmen during their first year of college. Those who study abroadRead MoreFinancing of University Education in Kenya1703 Words   |  7 PagesQN) With close reference to university education in Kenya, discuss the various means of financing education and evaluate the equity implications. To answer this claim, we start by defining critical terms so as to clearly get the full meaning of this assertion. Education is the process act or process of impacting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgement, and generally of preparing oneself or othersRead MoreExamples Of Return On Investment From College Education941 Words   |  4 Pages Return on investment from college education Student Name Date Instructor Name Course Name Part 1: Pursuing higher education enhances the employability of an individual. Higher education paves way for more opportunities which cannot be obtained with ordinary graduation. Completing MBA (Master in Business Administration) from a good institute adds more value to the individual profile and these institutes provides for good placement assistance too. MBA will enable the individual toRead MoreThe Presidential Election And Caucus903 Words   |  4 PagesCensus and immigration research centers (www,cairco.org, 2016). According to research by Angela Adams for Access to Higher Education â€Å"an estimated 11.5 million of the more than 40 million foreign-born individuals residing in the United States are considered undocumented immigrants,† (Adams, 2015, p.47). Of these roughly 2 million make up â€Å"undocumented students† pursuing a higher education. However, whether those numerical figures are unknown or not, one thing remains for certain: the United StatesRead MoreThe Challenges Faced By International Students In Higher Education852 Words   |  4 Pagesenrolment of international students in Canadian institutions, internationalization has become one of the key aspects of higher education in developing its intellectual property, more mainly due to political and economic reasons (Altbach Knight, 2007). Canada is perceived to be â€Å"one of the most trusted in the world† as a destination of choice with its high-quality education in a welcoming multicultural environment (Global Affairs Canada, 2014). A study conducted by Canadian Bureau for International EducationRead MoreThe Impact Of Internet On The Economy1544 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction There has been a paradigm shift in the nature of the economy; from industrial to informational. The rapid proliferation of internet have made an impact on almost every industry including the education industry. Internet has become the preferred mode of communication. It has helped in not only bringing the world closer through websites, emails, internet phones, and social media but also have been one of the most significant factor responsible for cost reduction, increased convenienceRead MorePros and Cons of Studying Abroad Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesStudy Abroad Studying abroad is an act whereby students move to different countries other than their own to pursue education opportunities. Education of this form can be primary, secondary or tertiary levels. Education has taken tremendous leaps over the years. It has experienced significant changes and advancements. Because of these changes, many people are increasingly becoming educated. Education has also reached the far corners of the world and more people are attaining it. In the present dayRead MoreAustralia s World For Indian Students Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagesdestinations in the world for Indian students who wish to study there. It won’t be a surprise if every fifth Indian student you speak to among the populace planning to study abroad, has Australia in mind. Undesirable circumstances aside, it remains a top notch destination for Indian students wishing to study abroad. Yet, there are several points that need to be considered before you decide to take the next flight to destination Australia for your studies. Best programs Students from India come right after

Is Schizophrenia A Mental Illness - 1726 Words

SCHIZOPHRENIA Kennya Castro Schizophrenia is a mental illness that plagues about 1 out of every 100 Americans. Despite this fact, most of the general public remains ignorant to the basic pathology of the disease and the mechanisms of identifying and treating it. It is considered by some to be a â€Å"scary† mental illness and is often ignored, when compared to the other equally serious and caustic ones like Generalized Anxiety Disorder (also referred to as GAD), ADHD, and Chronic Depression. This is illustrated by the mainstream media which is quick to romanticize the main character. They are written to have overt symptoms of the aforementioned diseases above and they do so without providing an ounce of fact to soften the blow or mitigate the damage that their works, being a topic of mass interest is presenting half-truths and paper tigers to an often young, uninformed, and highly impressionable global audience. This and much more causes the stigmatization of mental illness in general, especially those d eemed â€Å"scary† and unpleasant† by the masses. The biopsychosocial model that views health in a more holistic fashion. Roughly speaking, it means that biology, psychology, and social interactions don’t just play individual mutually exclusive roles in the health of a person; it states that health, disease, and overall wellness doesn’t stem from one of things, but a combination. For example, patient A has type II diabetes, patient B has cancer of the lung, and patient C has anShow MoreRelatedThe Mental Illness Of Schizophrenia1200 Words   |  5 Pagesdictionary describes mental illnesses as â€Å"any of a broad range of medical conditions that are marked primarily by sufficient disorganization of personality, mind, or emotions to impair normal psychological functioning and cause marked distress or disability and that are typically associated with a disruption in normal thinking, feeling, mood, behavior, interpersonal interactions, or daily functioning. † Today almost more than sixty million people in America have some form of mental illness, but only fewRead MoreThe Mental Illness of Schizophrenia2374 Words   |  9 Pages Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by psychosis , apathy and social withdrawal in combination with cognitive impairment, abnormalities that cause substantial disruptions in performance work , school, family and recreation. Among psychiatric disorders, schizophrenia is the most disabling disease and demand a disproportionate amount of resources to health . However, there have been considerable advances in the treatment and at present many sufferers can lead a reasonably normal life.Read MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Illness Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental illness that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, decision making, and relate to others. It’s a long-term medical illness affecting 1% of Americans. The causes of schizophrenia include genetics, environment, brain chemistry, and substance abuse. Schizophrenia occurs roughly in 10%of people who have a first-degree relative with the disorder such as a parent or sibling. (NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness | What is SchizophreniaRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Illness1538 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental illness that is in a very small amount of the population, 1 in 100 people (1% of the population). Symptoms of schizophrenia include, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, not much emotion if any is present, as well as speech and socializations issues. Ways to treat schizophrenia are very limited to antipsychotic drugs and therapy. Although there is not o ne cause to this illness found, there are many factors that explain the cause or result in havingRead MoreImproving Schizophrenia With Mental Illness1591 Words   |  7 PagesImproving Schizophrenia with Risperdal Mental illness affects millions of people every day. One of the most debilitating forms of mental illness is schizophrenia. The Oxford dictionary defines schizophrenia as; A long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentationRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Disorder Of Mental Illness?809 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative: Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a disorder of mental illness. Another way to describe this disorder is to lost the touch with reality. Schizophrenia is less common than any other mental disorder; therefore, treatments can be different. This disease is likely to occur between age of 16 to 30, or may develops in children if problem occurs during the birth. In that regard, a person with the schizophrenia suffers six months or a month or less, if proper treatments given. One of theRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Illness1388 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia is a â€Å"serious mental disorder characterised by severe disruptions in psychological functioning and a loss of contact with reality† (Meldrum Wilson, 2009). The main question that arises from the many studies looking at schizophrenia and violence is does schizophrenia itself make an individual violent or are there other factors from the mental illness that contribute to this? According to Fazel, Guati, Linsell, Geddes and Grahn (2009), before the 1980’s many people made no connectionRead MoreIs Schizophrenia A Serious Mental Illness?934 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, make decisions and relate to others. It is a complex, long-term medical illness Affects about 1% of Americans. The average age of onset tends to be in the late teens to the early 20s for men, and the late 20s to early 30s for women. Patho We do not completely understand the patho of the disease however, Neuroimaging studies show differences between the brainsRead MoreSchizophrenia: A Chronic Mental Illness2452 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Stress serves as a major risk and complicating factor for any illness, regardless of presenting symptoms (Elliott and Einsdorfer 1982; Hatfield and Lefley 2007; Nicholson and Neufeld 2002). For a chronic mental illness as complex as schizophrenia, the impact of environmental stress is particularly important to consider. The Stress-Diathesis Model (or Vulnerability Stress Model) places schizophrenia in the context of both biological and environmental (psychosocial) risk factors (ZubinRead MoreSchizophrenia: Categorizing Mental Illness2043 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Mental illnesses have been recognized and acknowledged for thousands of years, but the way they had once been treated and handled differ from the way they are dealt with today. There was a point in time where all mental illnesses were thought of as one and they were treated in a similar way. Many theories were associated with the cause of these mental disorders and many of them today are deemed as obnoxious. Emil Kraeplin, a German physician was one of the first to categorize mental disorders

The And Invisible Man By Toni Morrison And Ralph Ellison

The Un-American Race Throughout history, the African American race has battled great social injustices. From slavery to freedom, being property to owning property, African Americans have fought their way to be a part of equal justice. For many black individuals, their identity was non-existent, stripped away, leaving them powerless due to white power. Race, class, and economic standing are all social issues that are prominent in both Beloved and Invisible Man. Toni Morrison and Ralph Ellison are both American novelists who have created emotional stories based on raw and authentic black history. African-American individuals were immobilized, forced to be isolated while searching for an identity in a world that chose to see them as the†¦show more content†¦Krumholz argues that Beloved is a mind healing recovery process that forces the characters to remember and tackle their past. In her essay, â€Å"Toni Morrison†, Jill Matus regards Beloved as a form of cultural memory that analyzes vague and possibly removed history. Furthermore, in his book, Fiction and Folklore: the Novels of Toni Morrison, Trudier Harris focuses on the issue of ownership and slavery in Beloved. In all, historical background is a huge player in understanding Beloved. Morrison set the novel during the Reconstruction era, after the Civil War, which sets the entire tone and plot for the main character, Sethe. Analyzing works from two different historical eras will allow the reader analyze the lack of self identity and other social issues from two different points in history. The Reconstruction era, a period following the Civil War, was a time where Abraham Lincoln began to reconstruct the South in hopes to bring the Nation together. Lincoln’s plan of Reconstruction demanded that the states constitution prohibit slavery. During the 1930’s thousands of African-Americans moved from the South to New York, in hopes of becoming a part of the American race. The Harlem Renaissance is described as an era of explosion of African American culture that brought over thousands of black musicians, artists and writers. Originally, the area of Harlem was constructed for white workers to commute to theShow MoreRelatedDouble Consciousness : Invisible Man And The Bluest Eye1821 Words   |  8 PagesDouble-Consciousness in Invisible Man and The Bluest Eye W.E.B DuBois was a well-known civil rights activists, Pan-Africanist, and a co-founder of the NAACP. Double-consciousness is a phrase coined by DuBois in his novel The Souls of Black Folks in 1903, which describes the idea of double-consciousness as a state of affairs in which an individual is both representative of and immersed in two distinct ways of life. 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Three Key Factors of a Successful Family Essay - 1093 Words

This essay isnt about the perfect family. This essay is about a successful family, e.g. one that meets most of the needs and goals of its members. A family where everyone is physically safe and emotionally content. To achieve this, lets examine three key factors of a successful family. The best interests of the children. No one thinks about divorce on their wedding day, except pre-nuptial lawyers. You and your mate promise to communicate well and work through problems based upon your love and commitment for each other. Then children come along, and it seems as if your family life is set. Ten years later, you and your partner accept you no longer want to stay together for numerous reasons. What about the children? Should you stay†¦show more content†¦Regardless of your decision to stay together or separate, the most crucial thing that is in the best interests of the children is that you keep your relationship respectful and dignified. Learn how to fight with your partner. Yes, that’s right; you need to learn how to have a constructive argument with your spouse or partner, instead of falling into the trap of having endless destructive arguments. Although you might think that the goal in a successful family is to avoid fights altogether, this is simply not possible. Some squabbles and disagreements can actually healthy in a family; they clear the air and resolve underlying resentments. There is a right way and a wrong way to fight; the important thing is how you fight. Here’s some tips about fair and constructive fighting: (1) Fight fair. Name-calling is for children; adults must do better. (2) Get to the point and stick with the point. Argue about one thing that’s bothering you without bringing up everything that you disagree about from the beginning of your relationship! Don’t digress; tell your partner what is bothering you, and why. (3) Take breaks. Time yourselves out when you feel t hat the fight is turning ugly and getting out of control. 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How Can Cnn Implement Their Strategies in a Fast Changing Environment Free Essays

Problem statement: How can CNN implement their strategies in a fast changing environment? Learning goals: 1. What are the steps of strategic implementation and what is the importance Implementation is  the process that turns strategies and plans into actions in order to accomplish strategic objectives and goals. Implementing your strategic plan is as important as your strategy itself. We will write a custom essay sample on How Can Cnn Implement Their Strategies in a Fast Changing Environment? or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Formulation and effective communication of vision and values * Formulation and effective communication of mission Generation of enthusiasm and buy-in at all levels * Commitment to projects and business results that will fulfill on the mission * Design of organizational architecture that allows for empowerment and communication * Creation of tactics and short-term goals at the local level * Effective Action in a context of accountability (Gurowitz) (G. R. Jones; C. W. L. hill , 2010) 2. What is organizational design (culture, structure and control) and apply on CNN. What is the role of organizational design in strategic implementation? Strategy implementation involves the use of organizational design, the process of deciding how a company should create, use, and combine organizational structure, control systems and culture to pursue a business model successfully. Organizational structure Assigning employees to specific value creation tasks and roles and specifies how these tasks and roles are be linked together in a way that increases efficiency, quality, innovation and responsiveness to customers. The purpose of organizational structure is to coordinate and integrate the efforts of all employees at all business level in the organization design. First CNN has to motivate employees to create value to the customers. And they have to work with efficiency, quality, innovation and responsiveness. When the structure is good. They can create value at the customers. Control system The purpose of a control system is to provide managers with a set of incentives to motivate employees to work toward increasing efficiency, quality, innovation and responsiveness to customers and specific feedback on how well an organization and its members are performing and building competitive advantage so that managers consciously take action to strengthen a company’s business model. The purpose of a control system is to provide managers: * A set of incentives to motivate employees to work toward increasing efficiency, quality, innovation, and responsiveness to customers. Specific feedback on how well an organization and its members are performing and building competitive advantage so that managers can continuously take action to strengthen a company’s business model. The purpose of a control system CNN has to provide managers with a set of incentives to motivate employees to work toward increasing efficiency, quality, innovation and responsiveness to customers and specific feedback on how well an organization and its members are performing and building competitive advantage so that managers consciously take action to strengthen a company’s business model. Organizational culture The third element of organizational design is organizational culture. These are the specific collection of values, norms, beliefs and attitudes that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholder outside the organization. Organizational structure, control and culture are the means by which an organization motivates and coordinates its members to work toward achieving the building blocks of competitive advantages. A manager must find the right combination of structure, control and culture that combines the competencies in a company’s value chain functions so it has the ability to differentiate and/ or lower the costs. In organizational design managers must consider two important issues: concern the revenue side of the profit equation and concern the cost side. Effective organizational design improves the way in which people or groups chose the business level strategies that lead to differentiation, more value for customers and asking premium price. Second: an effective organizational design reduces the bureaucratic costs associated with solving the measurement and communication problems that derive from a lack of cooperation from business units or divisions. A poorly designed organizational design can cause the motivation, communication, measurement and coordinating problems that lead to high bureaucratic costs. (G. R. Jones; C. W. L. hill , 2010) 3. What are the trends/developments in news broadcasting and delivering? When looking at the current news broadcasts the first thing that I notice is the amount of commentators and experts there are in the shows. These commentators give their opinions about certain news topics and try to convince the audience or gets into a discussion with another commentator in the show. Fewer original news that comes straight from the source by journalists and reporters. Because of cloud computing and other technological advancements. News broadcasts will copy news from a source without retyping or the broadcast uses video or pictures from outside sources. News uses Google maps and Youtube a lot as well. The problem can be in the fact checking of these easy sources, there should still be journalists that investigate stories for themselves. A last popular news feed is the twitter. The short message blog is extremely useful because it is very fast and it’s like having millions reporters worldwide; always having someone that is close to local news. The problem is that again it is very hard to check the facts of these tweets. For example individuals twitter under a fake alias, this could be confusing when you think it is Lance Armstrong tweeting, when it’s not him. . What are participatory peer media? Participatory media are things like blogs, social media, etc These services make it possible to create a discussion about certain topics. The range of this discussion is endless, everyone who can use a computer is enabled to join the conversation. This makes it easier to share opinions, information and different point of views. 5. What is the target group of CNN? 6. Find a new s fact about CNN. 7. Answer problem statement. Next CBL session: Wednesday 1 June 13. 30-15. 00 in 2. 46 How to cite How Can Cnn Implement Their Strategies in a Fast Changing Environment?, Papers

Horrific images Essay Example For Students

Horrific images Essay In Stanza two, the action focuses on one man who couldnt get his gas helmet on in time. Lines 12-14 consist of a powerful underwater metaphor, with succumbing to poison gas being compared to drowning in a green sea(14). Floundring(12) is what theyre already doing (in the mud) but here it takes on more gruesome implications as Owen introduces himself into the action through witnessing his comrade dying in agony. From straight description Owen looks back from a new perspective in the light of a recurring nightmare. Those haunting flares(3) in stanza one foreshadowed a more terrible haunting in which a friend, dying, plunges at me(16) before my helpless sight(15), an image Owen will not forget. Owen experiences a feeling of anguished responsibility (Kerr, p.41). The face was a projection of his own imagination and unspoken urges, arousing guilt, fear, and helplessness (Kerr, p.226). Another aspect again marks Stanza four. Owen attacks those people at home who uphold the wars continuance unaware of its realities. If only they might experience Owens own smothering dreams(17) which replicate in small measure the victims sufferings. Those sufferings Owen goes on to describe in sickening detail.  One can almost feel the panic that causes a dying man to be flung(18) into a wagon, the writhing(19) that denotes an especially virulent kind of pain. Hell seems close at hand with the debauched simile like a devils sick of sin(20). Then that jolt(21) intensifies the agony. Lane is critical of this last stanza; he feels sense of uneasiness at the unrelenting piling up of horrific images Some tongues were anything but innocent(24) in Owens opinion. His appeal to my friend(25) is doubtless ironic, whose adopted creed, the sweetness of dying for ones country he denounces as a lie, which children should never be exposed to, just as the gas should never be exposed to the young men, some of them children in their own right.  There is only one antidote to poison and madness. The soldiers body is ruined, his lungs froth-corrupted, because of the lies he has ardently imbibed. The only way to stop the ruin of countless bodies is by stopping corruption at its verbal source, the old lie, which is why the true poet must be truthful. (Kerr, p.97) In the definition of a mirror in the introduction, one keyword was faithfully. A point that should be made about the poetry acting as a mirror and mirrors in general is that everything depends on the individual, culture orhttp://www.sitesofconscience.org/ nation looking into the mirror. The reflection of the mirror can be interpreted in many ways. And so the significance of the poem may not be a faithful conclusion, but one that is open to discussion. The words on the page do not change and the image in the mirror is constant, it is the reader and the individual who comes to the mirror and the poem with his or her own ideas and experiences that shapes the sense of a poem. Although the poetry may create a mirror that does not lie, it is the cultures or countries that must decide if they want to take into account what the meaning of the poem is. Do they want to change in the light of the revelation that poetry has the power to make? It is the responsibility of the artists; in this case the poets to present the truth as they see it. However the greater burden lies upon the reader or the public. They must analyse the poems, whilst firstly keeping in mind the biases of the poet and secondly realising that they too have a predisposition and are subjective. Only then can they reach some kind of objectivity and only then can they attain some sort of truth, which is the primary purpose of a mirror. .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .postImageUrl , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:hover , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:visited , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:active { border:0!important; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:active , .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua604cd776331f226cd58e13846babeae:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: East moors by Gillian Clarke EssayWorks Cited:  http://www.sitesofconscience.org/en/home/

Lord Of The Rings Analysis Essay Example For Students

Lord Of The Rings Analysis Essay J. R. R. Tolkien The Lord Of The Rings. (3/4)Part 1: The Fellowship of the RingPart 2: The Two TowersPart 3: The Return of the KingTHE RETURN OF THE KINGBook VChapter 1 Minas TirithChapter 2 The Passing of the Grey CompanyChapter 3 The Muster of RohanChapter 4 The Siege of GondorChapter 5 The Ride of the RohirrimChapter 6 The Battle of the Pelennor FieldsChapter 7 The Pyre of DenethorChapter 8 The Houses of HealingChapter 9 The Last DebateChapter 10 The Black Gate OpensBook VIChapter 1 The Tower of Cirith UngolChapter 2 The Land of ShadowChapter 3 Mount DoomChapter 4 The Field of CormallenChapter 5 The Steward and the KingChapter 6 Many PartingsChapter 7 Homeward BoundChapter 8 The Scouring of the ShireChapter 9 The Grey HavensTHE RETURN OF THE KINGPippin looked out from the shelter of Gandalfs cloak. He wondered if he was awake or still sleeping, still in the swift-moving dream in which he had been wrapped so long since the great ride began. The dark world was rushing by and the wi nd sang loudly in his ears. He could see nothing but the wheeling stars, and away to his right vast shadows against the sky where the mountains of the South marched past. Sleepily he tried to reckon the times and stages of their journey, but his memory was drowsy and uncertain. There had been the first ride at terrible speed without a halt, and then in the dawn he had seen a pale gleam of gold, and they had come to the silent town and the great empty house on the hill. And hardly had they reached its shelter when the winged shadow had passed over once again, and men wilted with fear. But Gandalf had spoken soft words to him, and he had slept in a corner, tired but uneasy, dimly aware of comings and goings and of men talking and Gandalf giving orders. And then again riding, riding in the night. This was the second, no, the third night since he had looked in the Stone. And with that hideous memory he woke fully, and shivered, and the noise of the wind became filled with menacing voices. A light kindled in the sky, a blaze of yellow fire behind dark barriers Pippin cowered back, afraid for a moment, wondering into what dreadful country Gandalf was bearing him. He rubbed his eyes, and then he saw that it was the moon rising above the eastern shadows, now almost at the full. So the night was not yet old and for hours the dark journey would go on. He stirred and spoke. Where are we, Gandalf? he asked. In the realm of Gondor, the wizard answered. The land of An?rien is still passing by.There was a silence again for a while. Then, What is that? cried Pippin suddenly, clutching at Gandalfs cloak. Look! Fire, red fire! Are there dragons in this land? Look, there is another!For answer Gandalf cried aloud to his horse. On, Shadowfax! We must hasten. Time is short. See! The beacons of Gondor are alight, calling for aid. War is kindled. See, there is the fire on Amon D?n, and flame on Eilenach; and there they go speeding west: Nardol, Erelas, Min-Rimmon, Calenhad, and the Halifirien on the borders of Rohan.But Shadowfax paused in his stride, slowing to a walk, and then he lifted up his head and neighed. And out of the darkness the answering neigh of other horses came; and presently the thudding of hoofs was heard, and three riders swept up and passed like flying ghosts in the moon and vanished into the West. Then Shadowfax gathered himself together and sprang away, and the night flowed ov er him like a roaring wind. Pippin became drowsy again and paid little attention to Gandalf telling him of the customs of Gondor, and how the Lord of the City had beacons built on the tops of outlying hills along both borders of the great range, and maintained posts at these points where fresh horses were always in readiness to bear his errand-riders to Rohan in the North, or to Belfalas in the South. It is long since the beacons of the North were lit, he said; and in the ancient days of Gondor they were not needed, for they had the Seven Stones. Pippin stirred uneasily. Sleep again, and do not be afraid! said Gandalf. For you are not going like Frodo to Mordor, but to Minas Tirith, and there you will be as safe as you can be anywhere in these days. If Gondor falls, or the Ring is taken, then the Shire will be no refuge.You do not comfort me, said Pippin, but nonetheless sleep crept over him. The last thing that he remembered before he fell into deep dream was a glimpse of high white peaks, glimmering like floating isles above the clouds as they caught the light of the westering moon. He wondered where Frodo was, and if he was already in Mordor, or if he was dead; and he did not know that Frodo from far away looked on that same moon as it set beyond Gondor ere the coming of the day. Pippin woke to the sound of voices. Another day of hiding and a night of journey had fleeted by. It was twilight: the cold dawn was at hand again, and chill grey mists were about them. Shadowfax stood steaming with sweat, but he held his neck proudly and showed no sign of weariness. Many tall men heavily cloaked stood beside him, and behind them in the mist loomed a wall of stone. Partly ruinous it seemed, but already before the night was passed the sound of hurried labour could be heard: beat of hammers, clink of trowels, and the creak of wheels. Torches and flares glowed dully here and there in the fog. Gandalf was speaking to the men that barred his way, and as he listened Pippin became aware that he himself was being discussed. Yea truly, we know you, Mithrandir, said the leader of the men, and you know the pass-words of the Seven Gates and are free to go forward. But we do not know your companion. What is he? A dwarf out of the mountains in the North? We wish for no strangers in the land at this time, unless they be mighty men of arms in whose faith and help we can trust.I will vouch for him before the seat of Denethor, said Gandalf. And as for valour, that cannot be computed by stature. He has passed through more battles and perils than you have, Ingold, though you be twice his height; and he comes now from the storming of Isengard, of which we bear tidings, and great weariness is on him, or I would wake him. His name is Peregrin, a very valiant man.Man? said Ingold dubiously; and the others laughed. Man! cried Pippin, now thoroughly roused. Man! Indeed not! I am a hobbit and no more valiant than I am a man, save perhaps now and again by necessity. Do not let Gandalf deceive you!Many a doer of great deeds might say no more, said Ingold. But what is a hobbit?A Halfling, answered Gandalf. Nay, not the one that was spoken of, he added seeing the wonder in the mens faces. Not he, yet one of his kindred.Yes, and one who journeyed with him, said Pippin. And Boromir of your City was with us, and he saved me in the snows of the North, and at the last he was slain defending me from many foes.Peace! said Gandalf. The news of that grief should have been told first to the father.It has been guessed already, said Ingold; for there have been strange portents here of late. But pass on now quickly! For the Lord of Minas Tirith will be eager to see any that bear the latest tidings of his son, be he man or-Hobbit, said Pippin. Little service can I offer to your lord, but what I can do, I would do, remembering Boromir the brave.Fare you well! said Ingold; and the men made way for Shadow fax, and he passed through a narrow gate in the wall. May you bring good counsel to Denethor in his need, and to us all, Mithrandir! Ingold cried. But you come with tidings of grief and danger, as is your wont, they say.Because I come seldom but when my help is needed, answered Gandalf. And as for counsel, to you I would say that you are over-late in repairing the wall of the Pelennor. Courage will now be your best defence against the storm that is at hand that and such hope as I bring. For not all the tidings that I bring are evil. But leave your trowels and sharpen your swords!The work will be finished ere evening, said Ingold. This is the last portion of the wall to be put in defence: the least open to attack, for it looks towards our friends of Rohan. Do you know aught of them? Will they answer the summons, think you?Yes, they will come. But they have fought many battles at your back. Thi s road and no road looks towards safety any longer. Be vigilant! But for Gandalf Stormcrow you would have seen a host of foes coming out of An?rien and no Riders of Rohan. And you may yet. Fare you well, and sleep not!Gandalf passed now into the wide land beyond the Rammas Echor. So the men of Gondor called the out wall that they had built with great labour, after Ithilien fell under the shadow of their Enemy. For ten leagues or more it ran from the mountains feet and so back again, enclosing in its fence the fields of the Pelennor: fair and fertile townlands on the long slopes and terraces falling to the deep levels of the Anduin. At its furthest point from the Great Gate of the City, north-eastward, the wall was four leagues distant, and there from a frowning bank it overlooked the long flats beside the river, and men had made it high and strong; for at that point, upon a walled causeway, the road came in from the fords and bridges of Osgiliath and passed through a guarded gate be tween embattled towers. At its nearest point the wall was little more than one league from the City, and that was south-eastward. There Anduin, going in a wide knee about the hills of Emyn Arnen in South Ithilien, bent sharply west, and the out-wall rose upon its very brink; and beneath it lay the quays and landings of the Harlond for craft that came upstream from the southern fiefs. The townlands were rich, with wide tilth and many orchards, and homesteads there were with oast and garner, fold and byre, and many rills rippling through the green from the highlands down to Anduin. Yet the herdsmen and husbandmen that dwelt there were not many, and the most part of the people of Gondor lived in the seven circles of the City, or in the high vales of the mountain-borders, in Lossarnach, or further south in fair Lebennin with its five swift streams. There dwelt a hardy folk between the mountains and the sea. They were reckoned men of Gondor, yet their blood was mingled, and there were short and swarthy folk among them whose sires came more from the forgotten men who housed in the shadow of the hills in the Dark Years ere the coming of the kings. But beyond, in the great fief of Belfalas, dwelt Prince Imrahil in his castle of Dol Amroth by the sea, and he was of high blood, and his folk also, tall men and proud with sea-grey eyes. Nutrition Assignment EssayThe door opened, but no one could be seen to open it. Pippin looked into a great hall. It was lit by deep windows in the wide aisles at either side, beyond the rows of tall pillars that upheld the roof. Monoliths of black marble, they rose to great capitals carved in many strange figures of beasts and leaves; and far above in shadow the wide vaulting gleamed with dull gold, inset with flowing traceries of many colours. No hangings nor storied webs, nor any things of woven stuff or of wood, were to be seen in that long solemn hall; but between the pillars there stood a silent company of tall images graven in cold stone. Suddenly Pippin was reminded of the hewn rocks of Argonath, and awe fell on him, as he looked down that avenue of kings long dead. At the far end upon a dais of many steps was set a high throne under a canopy of marble shaped like a crowned helm; behind it was carved upon the wall and set with gems an image of a tree in flower. But the throne was empty. At the foot of the dais, upon the lowest step which was broad and deep, there was a stone chair, black and unadorned, and on it sat an old man gazing at his lap. In his hand was a white rod with a golden knob. He did not look up. Solemnly they paced the long floor towards him, until they stood three paces from his footstool. Then Gandalf spoke. Hail, Lord and Steward of Minas Tirith, Denethor son of Ecthelion! I am come with counsel and tidings in this dark hour.Then the old man looked up. Pippin saw his carven face with its proud bones and skin like ivory, and the long curved nose between the dark deep eyes; and he was reminded not so much of Boromir as of Aragorn. Dark indeed is the hour, said the old man, and at such times you are wont to come, Mithrandir. But though all the signs forebode that the doom of Gondor is drawing nigh, less now to me is that darkness than my own darkness. It has been told to me that you bring with you one who saw my son die. Is this he?It is, said Gandalf. One of the twain. The other is with Th?oden of Rohan and may come hereafter. Halflings they are, as you see, yet this is not he of whom the omens spoke.Yet a Halfling still, said Denethor grimly, and little love do I bear the name, since those accursed words came to trouble our counsels and drew away my son on the wild errand to his death. M y Boromir! Now we have need of you. Faramir should have gone in his stead.He would have gone, said Gandalf. Be not unjust in your grief! Boromir claimed the errand and would not suffer any other to have it. He was a masterful man, and one to take what he desired. I journeyed far with him and learned much of his mood. But you speak of his death. You have had news of that ere we came?I have received this, said Denethor, and laying down his rod he lifted from his lap the thing that he had been gazing at. In each hand he held up one half of a great horn cloven through the middle: a wild-ox horn bound with silver. That is the horn that Boromir always wore! cried Pippin. Verily, said Denethor. And in my turn I bore it, and so did each eldest son of our house, far back into the vanished years before the failing of the kings, since Vorondil father of Mardil hunted the wild kine of Araw in the far fields of Rh?n. I heard it blowing dim upon the northern marches thirteen days ago, and the River brought it to me, broken: it will wind no more. He paused and there was a heavy silence. Suddenly he turned his black glance upon Pippin. What say you to that, Halfling?Thirteen, thirteen days, faltered Pippin. Yes, I think that would be so. Yes, I stood beside him, as he blew the horn. But no help came. Only more orcs.So, said Denethor, looking keenly at Pippins face. You were there? Tell me more! Why did no help come? And how did you escape, and yet he did not, so mighty a man as he was, and only orcs to withstand him?Pippin flushed and forgot his fear. The mightiest man may be slain by one arrow, he said; and Boromir was pierced by many. When last I saw him he sank beside a tree and plucked a black-feathered shaft from his side. Then I swooned and was made captive. I saw him no more, and know no more. But I honour his memory, for he was very valiant. He died to save us, my kinsman Meriadoc and myself, waylaid in the woods by the soldiery of the Dark Lord; and though he fell and failed, my gratitude is none the less.Then Pippin looked the old man in the eye, for pride stirred strangely within him, still stung by the scorn and suspicion in that cold voice. Little service, no doubt, will so great a lord of Men think to find in a hobbit, a halfling from the northern Shire; yet such as it is, I will offer it, in payment of my debt. Twitching aside his grey cloak, Pippin drew forth his small sword and laid it at Denethors feet. A pale smile, like a gleam of cold sun on a winters evening, passed over the old mans face; but he bent his head and held out his hand, laying the shards of the horn aside. Give me the weapon! he said. Pippin lifted it and presented the hilt to him. Whence came this? said Denethor. Many, many years lie on it. Surely this is a blade wrought by our own kindred in the North in the deep past?It came out of the mounds that lie on the borders of my country said Pippin. But only evil wights dwell there now, and I will not willingly tell more of them.I see that strange tales are woven about you, said Denethor, and once again it is shown that looks may belie the man or the halfling. I accept your service. For you are not daunted by words; and you have courteous speech, strange though the sound of it may be to us in the South. And we shall have need of all folk of courtesy, be they great or small, in the days to come. Swear to me now!Take the hilt, said Gandalf, and speak after the Lord, if you are resolved on this.I am, said Pippin. The old man laid the sword along his lap, and Pippin put his hand to the hilt, and said slowly after Denethor:Here do I swear fealty and service to Gondor, and to the Lord and Steward of the realm, to speak and to be silent, to do and to let be, to come and to go, in need or plenty, in peace or war, in living or dying, from this hour henceforth, until my lord release me, or death take me, or the world end. So say I, Peregrin son of Paladin of the Shire of the Halflings.And this do I hear, Denethor son of Ecthelion, Lord of Gondor, Steward of the High King, and I will not forget it, nor fail to reward that which is given: fealty with love, valour with honour, oath-breaking with vengeance. Then Pippin received back his sword and put it in its sheath. And now, said Denethor, my first command to you: speak and be not silent! Tell me your full tale, and see that you recall all that you can of Boromir, my son. Sit now and begin! As he spoke he struck a small silver gong that stood near his footstool, and at once servants came forward. Pippin saw then that they had been standing in alcoves on either side of the door, unseen as he and Gandalf entered. Bring wine and food and seats for the guests, said Denethor, and see that none trouble us for one hour.It is all that I have to spare, for there is much else to heed, he said to Gandalf. Much of more import, it may seem, and yet to me less pressing. But maybe we can speak again at the end of the day.And earlier, it is to be hoped, said Gandalf. For I have not ridden hither from Isengard, one hundred and fifty leagues, with the speed of wind, only to bring you one small warrior, however courteous. Is it naught to you that Th?oden has fought a great battle and that Isengard is overthrown, and that I have broken the staff of Saruman?It is much to me. But I know already sufficient of these deeds for my own counsel against the menace of the East. He turned his dark eyes on Gandalf, and now Pippin saw a likeness between the two, and he felt the strain between them, almost as if he saw a line of smouldering fire, drawn from eye to eye, that might suddenly burst into flame. Denethor looked indeed much more like a great wizard than Gandalf did, more kingly, beautiful, and powerful; and older. Yet by a sense other than sight Pippin perceived that Gandalf had the greater power and the deeper wisdom, and a majesty that was veiled. And he was older, far older. How much older? he wondered, and then he thought how odd it was that he had never thought about it before. Treebeard had said something about wizards, but even then he had not thought of Gandalf as one of them. What was Gandalf? In what far time and place did he come into the world, and when would he leave it? And then his musings broke off, and he saw that Denethor and Gandalf still looked each other in the eye, as if reading the others mind. But it was Denethor who first withdrew his gaze. Yea, he said; for though the Stones be lost, they say, still the lords of Gondor have keener sight than lesser men, and many messages come to them. But sit now!Then men came bearing a chair and a low stool, and one brought a salver with a silver flagon and cups, and white cakes. Pippin sat down, but he could not take his eyes from the old lord. Was it so, or had he only imagined it, that as he spoke of the Stones a sudden gleam of his eye had glanced upon Pippins face?Now tell me your tale, my liege, said Denethor, half kindly; half mockingly. For the words of one whom my son so befriendedEnglish Essays

The Short Story Battle Royal By Ralph Ellison Is A Disturbing Story Ab

The short story "Battle Royal" by Ralph Ellison is a disturbing story about the conflicts between the black and white cultures and the main character and himself. In the story the conflicts between the two cultures had a definite impact on how the main character saw himself and caused the conflicts within himself. "Battle Royal" deals with racism and the suppression of the African American race and how it effected the actions of that culture. The main character of the story is an African American raised in a predominately white area in the early 1950's, where there was very little acceptance of non-white cultures. Throughout the story the character goes through an extreme revelation about how he was taught by the white culture to perceive himself and who he truly was as an African American male. In the exposition of the story or "background information" the main character talks about his grandfather and what he told his grandson on his deathbed about dealing with the white people. "Son, after I'm gone I want you to keep up the good fight. I never told you, but our life is a war and I have been a traitor all my born days, a spy in the enemy's country ever since I give up my gun back in the Reconstruction" (185). At first when his grandfather said this to the main character he didn't understand, but by the Fitzke, page 2 conclusion of the story both he and the reader can see what the grandfather was trying to tell him. The grandfather was talking about one of the main aspects of the short story, the conflict between the black and white cultures. The grandfather called himself a "traitor" to the white society because he would go along with what the white man said even though he did not want to. During the time in which this short story was written, the early 1950's, the African American culture, even though they were free, still had very few rights under the law. The white culture or society mistreated and abused the African American's with racial slurs and putting them as inferior to their own culture. There are several examples of this in the short story "Battle Royal." The white men at the boxing rink got pleasure from watching the black males beat each other to a pulp and receive painful shocks when they try to get the money they were promised. "And while I still held him I butted him and moved away. I felt myself bombarded with punches. I fought back with hopeless desperation. I wanted to deliver my speech more than anything else in the world" (191). This is obvious mistreatment of other human beings and would today be unacceptable in society. The fact that the black males were willing to participate in such a degrading and inhumane activity raises the important questi on, why? Why would they subject themselves to this kind of treatment? What would compel the black males to treat others of their own race so cruelly, merely for the pleasure of drunk, racist, white men? The answer to what compelled the black men is obvious, they did as the white men said to achieve a different goal, and they were traitors to the white men. The main character's Fitzke, page 3 participation in the battle won him money and the chance to give a speech. This speech ended up winning him a scholarship to the State College for Negroes and without even realizing it, he had been a traitor to the white men. The main conflict in the story is described primarily in the racist treatment of the white culture towards the African American culture. This conflict between the two races is not very apparent in the story because the African Americans do not fight back with violence, but rather with submission. The main character's silence seems to gain him the passage to a better future, or does it? The second aspect of the short story "Battle Royal" is the conflict between the character and himself. "All my life I had been looking for something, and everywhere I turned someone tried to tell me what it was. I accepted their answers too, though they

Writer’s Guide for a Persuasive Essay on Sports as a Social Institution

Writer’s Guide for a Persuasive Essay on Sports as a Social Institution When you want someone with a generally stubborn and rigid mindset to agree with your point of view, you need a solid rhetoric technique known as persuasive writing. In this third and final writer’s guide for a persuasive essay on sports as a social institution, we explain how to write a persuasive essay in a way that persuades your audience by shaping your opinions to solidify and strongly support arguments. We’ve already covered some interesting facts in our 10 facts for a persuasive essay on sports as a social institution guide and provided you with 20 topics on the social aspect guide. Now let’s begin the third guide. Before you write: Start with Good Research Writing a persuasive essay requires both charisma and passion to reach your audience and entertain them with a good read. However, it is also necessary to conduct thorough research and have solid evidence to support your argument, compelling the readers to agree with your point of view. Write for Your Audience Most writers are unable to comprehend the significance of getting to know their audience before writing something for them. You should use specific arguments and examples that resonate with your audience and influence them to read your essay. How to start writing: Start with a Powerful Thesis A thesis should be so strong and powerful that it makes a reader â€Å"hungry† for more of your content. Your thesis is the central nerve point of your essay and it resonates with your writing from top to bottom. It provides an insight to what’s at the heart of your essay and plays an important role in influencing the reader to either read it thoroughly or just skim through it. Dr. Martin Luther King’s letter, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, is an astonishing example of how brilliant, touching and entertaining persuasive writing can be. Structure Arguments like a Staircase Your arguments should be well-structured, like a staircase, leading to the nature of your thesis and bringing the reader closer to accepting your point of view. It is highly recommended that you support your arguments with credible sources, conduct your own research through interviews or include your own insights on what has already been discussed by well-known personalities or credible places and events. Addressing counter-arguments might seem like a dull idea, but it really brings a person closer to your point of view, when you refute that argument in your own words, by supporting evidence and credible research. Conclude the Essay with a Powerful Restatement Concluding an essay means you want to show the reader that there is nothing left to argue about. A perfect conclusion includes restatement of your thesis and a summary on how you’ve supported your arguments through solid evidence and credible sources. Tip: We highly recommend that you edit the content before submitting it to your professor. Read your custom essay from a critical outsider perspective and review your article multiple times if you have to. With a strong thesis, substantial research and thoughtful arguments supported by credible research and evidence, you’ll deliver a potent persuasive essay that will compel your audience into thinking and accepting your point of view.

Strategic plans for American car manufacturer Chrysler Essay

Strategic plans for American car manufacturer Chrysler - Essay Example However, in 1970s, oil crisis led to a high demand in oil efficient vehicles. In the year 2009, the third largest automobile manufacturer filed for bankruptcy. This essay is based on a case study analysis of the management aspects of Chrysler and develops recommendations that can improve the profitability of the automobile manufacturer. The company hired a new leadership in 1978. The new management team initiated cost-cutting measures which includes shutting down some plants, temporary layoffs, scaling down nonproductive plants and stopping a number of employee benefits. The company appealed for a federal loan as the debt escalated. The loan revamped the company has the product line of the company begun to expand again. The company embarked to manufacturing fuel efficient cars and passenger vehicles. The company entered into a strategic alliance with Samsung in 1987 and increased its shareholding in Mitsubishi motors’ corporation (Zaccaro & Klimoski 2001). The company was struggling to stay afloat even after receiving financial aid from a federal loan of $ 4 billion in 2009. The federal government insisted that the company had to merge with Fiat in order the get additional funding of $ 2 billion. This additional funding request was one of the strategies to ensure that the long-term viability of the company is ensured (Hampton 2009). The management was requested to cut the costs through negotiating with both united auto workers and Canadian auto workers. The failure of the debtors of agrees on debt restructuring caused the company to file for bankruptcy. The company is seen as suffering from poor business management. Besides, the Japanese cars were smaller, oil-efficient and had competitive prices. The Japanese cars had a better performance. This led to a decline in the sales of the Chrysler products. The company has a history of failing to respond decisively to the prevailing challenges. This has caused the other competitors to take

Short Stories Reflecting Issues in Marriage Essay

Short Stories Reflecting Issues in Marriage - Essay Example In addition, the stories act as peripheries outlining the boundaries of what ambitious women should indulge in, to avoid disgrace or even death. The two stories speak of their main characters’ dreams and aspirations and vividly describe them as they think about their respective dreams. The main characters are both women, married and facing different dilemmas but somehow are related, considering that their problems are about their desires. To Chopin’s Mrs. Mallard, her dream was the satisfaction of an emotional and psychological need while de Maupassant’s Mrs. Loisel dreamed of physical needs which were quite trivial as compared to that of Mrs. Mallard’s. How the stories were told and how the characters were exposed are interesting angles for readers to consider in looking more deeply into the meanings of the stories. The Story of an Hour is narrated by a third person, picturing the life of a woman married to a man who was not mentioned to have abused her i n any way, rather treated their marriage life as dictated by norms. Women during the time of the setting were known to be housekeepers, left to attend to children and the household chores. To Mrs. Mallard, the task of staying home was an imposing feature of the male in the house and society; making her feel like a prisoner. This statement is supported by the words of the woman saying â€Å"Free, free† and in addition, kept whispering, â€Å"Free! Body and soul, free!† This shows that Mrs. Mallard had a longing for freedom which the expectations of people from wives, have silenced during the time of her marriage with her supposedly dead husband. The Necklace, on the other hand, narrates the story on the third person also, of a woman who longed for what the elite French represented. Being beautiful, Madame Loisel, the main character in the story dreamed of things she thought she was worthy to have. Unluckily, she was born in a family of artisans and was married to a cler k who was not able to provide her whims. Her longings, as opposed to that of Mrs. Mallard’s, are of the trivial things like good food, expensive clothing, and jewelry. Invited to a ball which she always dreamed of attending, she forced her husband to provide for a dress that would suit the occasion and her desires. When presented with the problem of jewelry, the husband suggested her to borrow from her friend which she did. Eventually, they were presented with the conflict to resolve and that is, to replace the borrowed necklace as soon as possible, which got lost when they were going home from the ball. With their little means, the husband had to borrow money to produce the payment of a similar jewelry which caused them to be deeply in debt and made them live through hard work for ten years. The style of de Maupassant in telling his story was quite direct, introducing the character with descriptions that created an image of the woman without letting the reader need some imag inations in understanding the character.

Dividend Policy of Pakistans Oil Sector

Dividend Policy of Pakistans Oil Sector INTRODUCTION Corporate dividend policy is one of the most debated topics in corporate finance. Many researchers have devised theories and provided empirical evidence regarding the determinants of a firms dividend policy. The dividend policy issue, however, remains still unresolved as due to the fact that there are so many variables depending upon the type of company, its financial conditions, its industry etc that no single formula could be applicable. Clear guidelines for an optimal payout policy have not yet emerged despite the voluminous literature. We still do not have an acceptable explanation for the observed dividend behavior of companies. During the last fifty years several theoretical and empirical studies have been done leading to mainly three outcomes: The increase in dividend payout affects the market value of the firm. The decrease dividend payout adversely affects the market value of the firm. The dividend policy of the firm does not affect the firm value at all. However, we can say that empirical evidence on the determinants of dividend policy is unfortunately very complex. Basis on which corporations pay out dividends to the share holders is still an unresolved puzzle. First prominent study that appeared in the literature of finance regarding dividend policy was that of Miller and Modigliani (1961) where they state that there are no deception in a perfect and a rational economic environment. This was the starting point for other researchers to explore dividend payout policy phenomena. Almost all researches that followed referred back to Miller and Modigliani (1961). Various researches were carried out by many researchers to explore the determinants of dividend payout policy, some of them focused on profitability, some on size of the firms, some on growth rate of the firm while others on agency costs. For example researches carried out by Nissim et el (2001), Brook et el (1998), Bernheim et el (1995), Kao et el (1994), and Healy et el (1988) found out a positive association between increase in dividend payout and future profitability. Kalay et el (1986) and Asquith et el (1983) found out that stock returns is positively associated with dividend changes. Sasson et el (1976) conclude that the payout ratio is positive association with average rates of return. On the other hand, studies of Benartzi et el (1997) and DeAngelo et el (1996) find no support for the relationship between future profitability and dividend changes. On Other side most debated factor affecting dividend policy arguably is agency costs. Jensen (1986). Agency cost argument suggests that cost is reducing by dividend payments and cash flow Rozeff (1982). Researches carried out by Jensen et el (1992), and Lang et el (1989) supported this agency cost hypothesis, while others such as Lie (2000), Yoon et el (1995) and Denis et el (1994) found no support for this hypothesis. Size of the firm is another factor which seems to have an impact of dividend payout policy. Firms larger in size are considered to have more ability to payout dividends to its share holders. Lloyd et el (1985), and Vogt (1994) pointed that firm size plays a role in clarifying the dividend-payout ratio of firms. They argued that because larger firms are mature and have easy access to capital markets thus they are not really much dependant on internally generated funding which enables them to payout higher dividends. The purpose of this research is to investigate the dynamics and determinants of dividend policy of oil gas sector firms in Pakistan. The independent variables selected from the literature include: market capitalization, profitability and annual rate of growth of total assets. Analysis of these variables should reveal there exist an impact of these variables on dividend payout policy of the firms and very nature of the relationship. The remaining part of this thesis is organized as follows. In section 2 brief reviews of theories about the dividend will be presented. In section 3 this thesis discusses the data and possible variables that can act as proxy for different influences for analysis .In section 4 this thesis will establish the model. Section 5 will provide details of methodology used. In section 6 thesis will establish analysis and interpretations and section 7 will present results and draw a conclusion. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW There are various theories which provide insight on how a firm pays the dividends. 2.1 Miller and Modigliani theory According to Miller and Modigliani (of Merton Miller, Franco) (1961) dividend do not affect firms value in perfect market. Shareholders are not concerned to receiving their cash flows as dividend or in shape of capital gain, as far as firms doesnt change the investment policies. In this type of situation firms dividend payout ratio affect their residual free cash flows, when the free cash flow is positive firms decide to pay dividend and if negative firms decide to issue shares. They also conclude that change in dividend may be conveying the information to the market about firms future earnings. Example: Its a common believe that dividend policy is created by shareholder himself for example if a person has 10,000 PKR and wants income of 3,000 PKR a year from that portfolio, simply 3000 PKR money value can be sold by a person this amount as dividend income does not accept by him. This theory says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Who is anxious about dividends?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? MM explains that under certain assumptions including rational investors and a perfect capital market, the market value of a firm is independent of its dividend policy. Smirlock Marshall, (1983) stated that relationship between the Dividend and Investment Decisions indicates that no causality between the dividend and investment decisions of the firm. The fact that the firm-specific data conclusively supported the separation principle is particularly convincing. This is the first application of causality tests to a large sample of firms. 2.2 The bird in the hand theory Investors always prefer cash in hand rather then a future promise of capital gain due to minimizing risk Gordon (1963). Gordon believes that he is anxious about investing in dividends and dividend stocks. Gordon say that when he is paid hard cash by the company, he knows that the company is not just telling him that it is making money but the fact it that it is really making money . This is the idea that cash payment is valued by the investors in their hands over the hope of future profits. 2.3 The agency theory Traditionally, corporate dividend policy has been examined under the assumptions that the firm is one homogenous unit and that the managements objective is to maximize its value as a whole. The agency cost approach differs from the traditional approach mainly in this way that it explicitly recognizes the firm as a collection of groups of individuals with conflicting interests and self-seeking motives. According to the agency theory, these behavioral implications cause individuals to maximize their own utility instead of maximizing the firms wealth. The agency theory of Jensen and Meckling (1976) is based on the conflict between managers and shareholder and the percentage of equity controlled by sponsor ownership should influence the dividend policy. The theory focuses on the relationship between an agent of the principal (companys managers) and a principal (shareholder) . Jensen and Meckling (1976) in corporations, agency problem arise from external debt and external equity. Jensen and Meckling (1976) analyzed that how firm value is affected by the distribution of ownership between inside shareholders and outside shareholders who can consume perquisites, and who cannot. Within this framework, increased managerial ownership of equity alleviates agency difficulties by reducing incentives to consume perquisites and expropriate shareholder wealth. Jensen and Meckling (1976) argue that equity agency costs would be lower in firms with larger proportions of inside ownership. Managers are better understanding their interest with stockholders when they increase the shareholders ownership of the firm. Dividends are believed to play an important role in reducing conflicts between managers and stockholders. Any dividend policy should be designed to minimize the sum of capital, agency and taxation costs. According to Bathala (1990), in the agency costs and dividends, two lines of thought can be found explaining cross-sectional variations in payout ratios. First view Holds that a firms optimal payout ratio is the results of a trade-off between a reduction in the agency costs of external equity and an increase in the transaction costs related with external financing resulting from dividend payments as the payout ratio increases. Second view Argues that inside ownership and external debt are substitute mechanisms in mitigating agency costs in a firm. Basic study for the first line of thought is based on Rozeffs (1982) propositions. He suggests that dividend payout ratios may be explained by reduced agency costs when the firm increases its dividend payout and by increased more expensive external capital. Easterbrook (1984) gives further explanation regarding agency cost problem and says that there are two forms of agency costs; one is the cost monitoring and other is cost of risk aversion on the part of directors or managers. The agency theory is related with resolving two issues that can be held in an agency relationship. PROBLEMS: The desire of the principal and agent conflict and it is expensive or complicated for the principal that it cannot check that the agent has behaved appropriately. Risk sharing is a problem that occurs when the agent and principle have different behavior towards hazard. The issue here is that the principal and the agent may prefer separate actions because of the separate risk preferences. According to (Naceur, Goaied, Belanes, 2006) profitable firms with more stable earnings can pay larger dividend. Whenever they are growing very quick, dividend policy doesnt get any impact from financial leverage and ownership concentration. Also the liquidity of stock market and size negatively impacts the dividend payment. Oskar kowalewski and Ivan Stetsyukand Olesksandr Talavera (2007) study that how corporate governance determines dividend polices in Poland. They have established for the first time, quantitative measures on the quality of corporate governance for 110 non- financial listed companies. Their result suggested that large and more profitable companies have higher dividend payout ratio .Furthermore, risky and more indebted firms prefer to pay lower dividend s. The results finally, based on the period of 1998-2004, Reveals that dividend policy is quite important in the valuation process of companies, but the issues still remain scantily investigated in transition countries. A study on the determinant s of dividend policy and its association to corporate governance in a transition economy both offers an interesting subject and complements the existing corporate governance literature. The agency theory points that dividend may mitigate agency costs by distributing free cash flows that otherwise would be spent on unprofitable projects by the management. It is argued that dividends expose firms to more frequent analysis by the capital markets as dividend payout increase the likelihood that a firm has to issues new common stock. On the other hand, scrutiny by the market helps alleviate opportunistic management behavior, and thus, agency costs. Agency cost, in turn, is related to the strength of shareholders rights and they are associated with corporate governance. Furthermore, agency suggested that shareholders may prefer dividends, particularly when they fear expropriation by insider. They test the determinants of dividend policy in a multiple regression framework to control for firm specific characteristics other than governance. All the variables enter the regressions with expected signs. Size and return on assets are positively associated with variable cash divid end. Leverage is negatively associated with variable cash dividend. Their results provide evidence that in Poland listed companies where corporate governance practices are high and as a result shareholders rights are for strong payout higher dividend. Jianguo Chen and Nont Dhiensiri(2009) suggest that relationship between dividend pay-out ratio (POR) with the pro Cash flow variability (CFV), ownership dispersion, insider ownership, free cash flow, collateral stable assets, Past growth (GROW1), future growth (GROW2), stable dividend policy and imputation credit (IMP). They analyze the determinants of the corporate dividend policy using firms listed on New Zealand Stock Exchange .They examined that firms traditionally have high dividend pay-outs compared with companies in the US. They find that their is a negative relationship between dividend payout ratio and CFV, Insider, Beta ,growth and positive relationship between ownership dispersion ,free cash flow, collateral stable assets stable dividend policy and imputation credit. Their conclusion provides strong support to the agency cost theory and partially supports transaction cost and residual dividend theory. They do not have any evidence to support the dividend stability theory a nd the signaling theory. 2.4 Signaling theory The explanation about the signaling theory given by Bhattacharya (1979) and John, Kose and Williams (1985) dividends allay information symmetric between managers and shareholders by delivering inside information of firm future prospects. 2.5 Effect of tax preferences theory Miller and Scholars (1978) find that the effect of tax preferences on clientele and conclude different tax rates on dividends and capital gains lead to different clientele. Tax Preference theory Investor gave an important consideration to the taxes. This should by keep in mind that the dividends are taxed at a higher rate than the capital gains. As such, capital gains are preferred by the investors as compared to the dividends. This is known as when the investments are actually sold only then the capital gains are paid. When capital gains are realized inverses can control, but dividend payments are un controllable by them and the related company controls the dividend payment. In an estate situation, capital gains are not realized. For example: If a stock is purchased by an investor 50 years ago and is held by him until his or her death, when it is passed on to an heir after he is expired. Now that heir does not have to pay taxes on stocks appreciation. 2.6 Life Cycle Theory Life Cycle Theory and Fama and French (2001) states that the firms should follow a life cycle and reflect managements assessment of the importance of market imperfection and factors including taxes to equity holders, agency cost asymmetric information, floating cost and transaction costs. 2.7 Catering theory According to Baker and Wurgler (2004) in Catering theory suggest that the managers in order to give incentives to the investor according to their needs and wants and in this way cater the investors by paying smooth dividends when the investors by not pay when investors prefer non payers but put stock price premium on payers. 2.8 Lintners Model John Lintner (1956) initiates with his theory relies on two important things that he studied about dividend policy: 1) According to the amount of positive net-present-value (NPV) projects the companies tend to set long-run target dividends-to-earnings ratios. 2) Earnings increases are not always bearable. As a result, until managers can see that new earnings levels are bearable, dividend policy is not changed As regards the empirical literature the roots of the literature on determinants of dividend Policy is related to Lintner (1956) seminal work after this work the model is extended by The Samy ben naceur, Mohamed goaied and Amel belanesthe (2006) during the period (1996à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"2002) on the Tunisian Stock Exchange listed study the dividend policy of 48 firms. Lintners model is applied using static and dynamic panel data regressions. They examined that Tunisian firms rely more on current earnings that past dividends to fix their dividend payments in the way that dividends tend to be more sensitive to current earnings rather than prior dividends. Any inconsistency in the level of dividends is directly reflected in the earnings of the corporation. Samy ben naceur, Mohamed Goaied and Amel belanesthe (2006) focused on the relationship between dividend and ownership, liquidity, return on assets (ROA), profitability, investment, leverage ratio, size. The results indicate that highly profitable firms with more stable earnings can afford larger free cash flows and thus pay out larger dividends. Moreover, fast-growing firms distribute larger dividends so as to demand to investors. On the other hand, ownership concentration does not have any impact on dividend payment. In fact, being closely held Tunisian firms witness less agency conflicts and shareholders do not resort to dividends in order to reduce managerial discretion and protect their interests. The liquidity of the stock market has a negative influence, which confirms that the implementation of the electronic transaction system in the TSE has facilitated the realization of capital gains, which has reduced the need for dividend payments. At last, the negative coefficient on siz e found in the full sample has disappeared when regulated firms are excluded, which reduces the strength of this factor. Researchers have proposed many different theories about the factors that affect a firms dividend policy. Kanwal Anil and Sujata Kapoor (2008) analyzed that The Determinants of Dividend Payout Ratio-A Study of Indian Information Technology Sector. The period under study is 2000-2006 as it is known that the period of 5 to 6 years covers both recession and booming of IT industry. They stated that profitability has always been considered as a primary indicator of dividend payout ratio. There are numerous other factors other than profitability also that affect dividend decisions of an organization namely cash flows, corporate tax, sales growth and market to book value ratio. They suggest that dividend payout ratio is positively related to profits, cash flows and it has inverse relationship with corporate taxes, sales growth and market to book value ratio. Statistical techniques of correlation and regression have been used to explore the relationship between key Variables. Thus, the main theme of this study is to recognize the various condition that effect the decision of dividend payout poli cy of IT firms in India. In short factors influencing the corporate dividend policy, according to them, may substantially vary from country to country because of inconsistency or variations in legal, tax and accounting policy between countries. In view of these facts, the present study aims at identifying the variables influencing corporate dividend policy in Pakistan. CHAPTER III DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Objective of this study is to determine factors that have an impact on dividend of Oil Gas Exploration and Oil Gas Marketing sector of KSE. Dividend yield is dependent variable and the three independent variable are size, profitability and growth. These variables are discussed here. 3.1 Dividend yield (DY) Arthur A Thompson in his book Crafting and Executing Strategy says that the measure of the return that shareholder receives in the form of dividend is called dividend yield (DY). A typical dividend yield is 2 -3%, the dividend yield for fast growth companies in often below 1%(may be even 0) and the dividend yield for slow-growth companies can run 4-5%. Dividend yield can measure by annual dividend per share divided by current market price per share. Samy ben naceur et el(2006)The DY (dividend yield ) as our measure of the dependent variable equals to dividend per share to price per share, payout ratio cannot be used as a measure of dependent variable because sample contains firms with negative earnings. Khamis Al-Yahyaee et el (2006) and Hafeez et el (2009) also used dividend yield (DY) as the dependent variable. CHAPTER IV EXPLANATORY VARIABLES This thesis selected 3 variables used by different researchers Samy ben naceur et el (2006) and Hafeez et el (2009). 4.1 Firm Size Hafeez et el (2009) The firm size has been calculated as the total assets of the firm because a posiyive coefficient is expected from this variable as there is a very low chance of bankruptcy in large more diversified firms and it can sustain higher level of debt. Scott and martin (1975) found that the size of the firm is very important factor which can affect the firms dividend policy and debt policy. A negative impact has been found by market capitalization and size of the firms on dividend payout policy which clearly shows that the firms prefer to invest in their assets rather than pay dividends to its shareholders. The financial characteristic of size has been explained by Market capitalization and the size of the firm. According to the null hypothesis for this financial characteristic there is no relation between the market capitalization and size with dividend payout ratio but the results show that there is a inverse and significant relationship between dividend payout and MV.Hence null hypothesis is rejected. The evidence supported by the finding of Belans et al (2007), Jeong (2008) deviate from Avazian et al (2006). Samy ben naceur et el (2006) the size of the firm by total market value (LNSIZE) and it is expected to be positively correlated with dividend paid. The literature suggests that size may be inversely related to the probability of bankruptcy (Ferri and Jones 1979; Titman and Wessels 1988; Rajan and Zingales 1995). In particular, larger firms should have an easier access to external capital markets and can borrow on better terms, Moreover, larger firms tend to be more diversified and their cash flows are more regular and less volatile. Thus, larger firms should be more willing to pay out higher dividends. Even the conflicts between creditors and shareholders are more severe for smaller firms than the larger ones. Khamis Al-Yahyaee et el (2006) they measure size of the firm from Log of sales. Firms dividend policy is influenced by variables such as size. There is an advantageous position for larger firms to raise external funds in the capital markets and are less dependent of internal funds. Therefore there is a negative relationship between dependence on internal financing and the size of the firm. Moreover, there is a chance of lower bankruptcy probabilities in larger firms and thus they are able to pay more dividends. Thus as per this research the hypothesis is H1= Firm size is positively associated with dividend payouts. 4.2 Firm profitability Empirical research found that there is a positive relationship between dividend yield and profitability. The more profitable the firms are, the more internal financing they will have, and thus are able to afford larger dividends. Some of them are as follow. Khamis Al-Yahyaee et el (2006) measured profitability by earnings before interest and taxes to total assets as our surrogate for profitability. Hence a positive relationship between profitability and dividend is expected. Since the annual profits pay the dividends therefore its logical that more dividends are paid by profitable firms. Samy ben naceuret et el (2006) measure the profitability by the return on assets (ROA) net income/total assets and it is positively correlated with dividend payments. Firms with high profitability can afford larger free cash flows and hence new investment opportunities. Therefore, paying higher dividends does not disturb them. In the same vein and according to the pecking order theory, firms prefer using internal sources of financing first, then debt and finally external equity obtained by stock issues. The more profitable the firms are, the more internal financing they will have, and thus are able to afford larger dividends. Hafeez et el (2009) measured Profitability Net Earnings and Earning Per Share after tax. The net earnings show the positive relationship with the dividend yield. The net earnings after interest, depreciation and after tax have been used as the explanatory variable to examine the role of earnings to pay dividends. Thus as per this research the hypothesis is H2= There is a positive relationship between a firms profitability and dividend payouts. 4.3 Firm Growth Samy ben naceur et el (2006) measure investment and growth by MBV (market value of equity/ book value of equity) and annual rate of growth of total assets. Firms anticipate higher growth, when they establish lower dividend payout ratio because growth entails higher investment expenditures. When firms retain higher proportion of earning to finance future investment need due to high cost of external financing, their dividend pay out in anticipation of future growth stands reduced. Hence, a negative relationship between dividend payout and expected growth is expected. Khamis Al-Yahyaee et el (2006) measure the growth opportunities through market-to-book ratio. A negative relationship is expected between growth opportunities and dividend. Large additions of capital are required by the firms experiencing substantial success and rapid growth. Consequently, lower dividend payout policies are expected by growth firms. Similarly, the pecking order theory predicts that more earnings are retained by the firms having a high proportion of market value followed by growth opportunities hence they are able to minimize the need to raise new equity capital. Free cash flow theory also predicts that their will be a lower free cash flow and lower dividend is paid by the firms with high growth opportunities. On the other hand Hafeez et el (2009) argued with the above researcher. According to the signaling theory the higher the firm grows, the higher they pay dividends to shareholders. The shareholders get signals from the growth of the firms having high growth opportunity. The sales growth has been used as proxy of Growth in the empirical analysis of the study and has been used as percent age change in sales annually as proxy of the growth. Whereas Kanwal Anil et el (2008), measured growth and investment by sales growth and MTBV. Hafeez Ahmed et el (2009) measures investment as SLACK = accumulated retained earnings/ total asset. Thus as per this research the hypothesis is H3= Firm growth is negatively associated with dividend payouts. Table 1 Summary of Proxy Variables and Research Hypotheses H1: Size MCAP = market capitalization Positive H2: Profitability ROA= net income/total assets Positive H3: Growth GROWTH = sales growth Negative CHAPTER V METHODOLOGY DATA COLLECTION METHOD The data is collected from Securities Exchange Commission of Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan and the Karachi Stock Exchange. The variables of the study are calculated from the Audited Annual Accounts of 6 firms for the period of 2001 to 2008 resulting in about 240 observations for each variable and as such it is a long period enough to smooth out variable fluctuations. (Rozeff, 1982) SAMPLE Sample Size consists of six companies from oil and gas exploration and marketing sectors in Pakistan, listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) Total of six companies listed on Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). Data collected from year 2001 to year 2008. STATISTICAL TEST Linear Regression test was performed to analyze data. Dividend yield is a dependent variable and growth, size and profitability are taken as independent variable. REGRESSION MODEL This study uses multiple regression analysis. This thesis estimate that Y= X0 + X1 + X2 + X3 + e Y = Dividend yield. X0 = Intercept of the equation. X1 = Firm size. X2 = Firm profitability. X3 = Firm sale growth. e = Error Term. CHAPTER VI DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Table 2 MODEL R SQUARE F Sig. 1 .223 3.917 .015(a) Table 2 above shows F Ratio for the regression model is significant which indicates that regression model is a best fit. Total variation in the dependent variable explained by the regression model as indicated by R square is .223 i.e. 22.3% change in dividend yield is explained by these three independent variables. Table3 UNSTANDARDIZED COEFFICIENT STANDARDISECOEFFICIENT t Sig. B Std. Error Beta (Constant) 0.066 0.011    5.826 0 Size -1.10E-06 0 -0.503 -2.879 0.006* Profitability 0.16 0.094 0.269 1.709 0.095** Sale growth 2.17E-07 0 0.484 3.038 0.004* *Significant at 1% **Significant at 10% Table 3 reports the ordinary least square results of the regression analysis. Results indicate that size of the firm is significant as shown in table 3 and shows that size is negatively correlated with dividend at 1% .As researcher taken in its own hypothesis that the size will present positive relation but its coefficient is negative which rejects researcher hypothesis. Since the size is also statistically significant but the hypothesis for this thesis shows that the growth is negatively related to dividend hence this hypothesis rejected. Some researcher result find out size as positive. Fama and French (2000 and 2001) concluded that more dividends are payable by large and more profitable firms. Lloyd and Jahera (1995 cited on holder 1998) concluded that those larger firms have easier access to capital markets which are more mature hence allowing for higher dividend pay-out ratios and reducing their dependence on internally generated funding. Aneel Kanwer (2002) measured size with total sale and researcher find out that size is positive related to dividend yields. Smaller company gives lower dividend as compared to larger company. Oskar kowalewki et el (2007) made a research in Poland and they measured size with total assets .they find out that size is positively related to dividends because more dividends are paid by companies which are larger in asset and size.. Some researcher result find out size as negative .The result of the research by Hafeez Ahmed et el (2009) on KSE (non financial firms) is similar to this thesis result. they measure size with natural logarithm of total assets This results indicates that the size of the firms have the negative impact on dividend payout policy which shows that the firms prefer to invest in their assets rather than pay dividends to their shareholders .. Samy Bin Naem et el (2006) made their research on the firms of the Tunisian Stock Market and They measured the size with logarithm of stock market capitalization. They concluded that there is a negative relationship between size and dividend, but the negative relationship disappeared when regulated firms are removed. Since the result of the researcher Fama and French (2000 and 2001) , Lloyd and